How to Use ffmpeg loudnorm: LUFS Normalization and 2-Pass Settings Explained

Sun, 08 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0900

What This Article Covers

This article explains how to normalize audio loudness with ffmpeg’s loudnorm filter using LUFS-based targets.

Instead of just pasting commands, it also covers:

What LUFS means
The main loudnorm parameters
When to use 1-pass vs 2-pass
Why re-encoding is required after normalization
Basic settings that make MP3 metadata and artwork easier to preserve

For a Python-based implementation that batch-processes files through ffmpeg, see Python MP3 Volume Normalizer with ffmpeg: How It Works and How to Use It.

Prerequisites
What Is LUFS?
Start Here: Basic Command (1-Pass)
Main loudnorm Parameters
When to Use 1-Pass vs 2-Pass
Why loudnorm Can Make an Intro Sound Louder
Re-Encoding Is Required After Normalization
Basic Settings That Help Preserve Tags and Artwork
How to Think About Filter Chains
Practical Templates
Summary

Prerequisites

ffmpeg 6.x is available (installation reference: this Qiita article)
The examples mainly target MP3, but the same ideas mostly apply to AAC, WAV, and FLAC
The commands are written in a style that is easy to read in both PowerShell and bash

What Is LUFS?

LUFS (Loudness Units relative to Full Scale) is a unit for perceived loudness based on ITU-R BS.1770. Values are usually negative, and numbers closer to zero mean louder audio.

The reference for maximum digital sample amplitude is 0 dBFS, not 0 LUFS. LUFS is a separate metric for perceived loudness, which is why TP (True Peak) limits are discussed in relation to 0 dBFS.

Typical practical targets used in distribution workflows are as follows. These are not universal hard standards for every platform, but common working references.

Platform	Practical LUFS Target
YouTube / Spotify	Around -14 LUFS
Podcast	Around -16 LUFS
TV Broadcast (EBU R 128)	-23 LUFS

Note: Spotify applies playback loudness normalization, and the reference level can vary depending on the playback mode. YouTube also does not publish a simple official rule saying “always master to -14 LUFS.” Check the latest platform documentation when exact delivery requirements matter.

Start Here: Basic Command (1-Pass)

Before going deeper, here is the quickest practical example:

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11" \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

Here is what each option does:

Option	Meaning
`-i input.mp3`	Input file
`-map 0`	Includes all input streams such as audio and artwork
`-map_metadata 0`	Copies metadata such as ID3 tags
`-c:v copy`	Copies album artwork without re-encoding it
`-af "loudnorm=..."`	Applies the loudness normalization filter
`-c:a libmp3lame`	Re-encodes audio as MP3
`-q:a 2`	High-quality VBR setting

If you need tighter alignment to the target loudness, use 2-pass, covered below.

Main loudnorm Parameters

The main parameter groups to understand are these:

Parameter	Meaning
`I`	Target LUFS (Integrated Loudness)
`TP`	True Peak ceiling
`LRA`	Target Loudness Range
`linear`	Whether to use linear correction
`measured_*`	First-pass measurements passed into `2-pass`

`I` (Target LUFS)

This is the main target that decides where the final loudness should land.

I=-14: YouTube, Spotify
I=-16: Podcast
I=-23: TV and broadcast-style delivery

`TP` (True Peak Ceiling)

This sets the effective peak ceiling including inter-sample peaks. Even when the waveform does not visually clip, playback or conversion can still create peaks above 0 dBFS, so leaving some headroom is standard practice.

If you are unsure, starting around -1.5 dBTP is a safe default.

`LRA` (Loudness Range)

LRA represents the amount of loudness variation across a track. Higher values mean bigger differences between quiet and loud sections, which is more common in classical music or film audio.

Genre / Use	Typical LRA
Pop / Rock	6-10
EDM / Dance	4-8
General music	6-12
Classical / Film audio	12-20

In practice, it is usually best to decide I and TP first, and only adjust LRA when the material or delivery purpose clearly calls for it. If you are unsure, LRA=11 is a reasonable default.

`linear`

linear=true tells loudnorm to use linear gain correction when possible. In that mode, the whole track is shifted up or down more uniformly, while keeping the original dynamics relationship largely intact.

This is commonly used in 2-pass processing. In 1-pass, linear correction is not always fully achievable.

`measured_*`

These parameters pass the first-pass measurements into the second pass.

`measured_*`	First-pass JSON field
`measured_I`	`input_i`
`measured_TP`	`input_tp`
`measured_LRA`	`input_lra`
`measured_thresh`	`input_thresh`
`offset`	`target_offset`

When to Use 1-Pass vs 2-Pass

1-Pass

This analyzes and normalizes in a single ffmpeg run. It is simple and fast, which makes it good for quick trials and batch processing.

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11" \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

The tradeoff is that it tends to be less precise than 2-pass when you care about strict target matching.

2-Pass

This measures the file in the first pass, then uses the measured values in the second pass. It is more stable when you need the output to land closer to the intended target.

Pass 1: measure only

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11:print_format=json" \
 -f null -

This does not produce an output file. Instead, it returns JSON containing:

input_i
input_tp
input_lra
input_thresh
target_offset

Pass 2: use the measured values

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11:linear=true:measured_I=-18.3:measured_TP=-0.7:measured_LRA=9.5:measured_thresh=-29.2:offset=-0.1" \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

If you are building a tool around ffmpeg, it is usually easier to separate the measurement phase from the production conversion phase.

Why loudnorm Can Make an Intro Sound Louder

loudnorm decides the gain adjustment from the integrated loudness of the whole track. It does not treat a quiet intro as a separate section.

That means intros may end up sounding louder than expected in tracks like these:

Songs with an extremely quiet intro and a much louder later section
Material with naturally wide dynamics

This is especially noticeable with linear=true, because the whole track is shifted more uniformly. TP only limits peak ceiling; it does not prevent the perceived loudness of a quiet intro from increasing.

Useful mitigations include:

Prefer 2-pass over 1-pass
Lower the target LUFS slightly
Combine normalization with pre-editing or other dynamics processing when the source needs it

Re-Encoding Is Required After Normalization

When you use an audio filter like loudnorm, ffmpeg has to decode the audio, process it, and encode it again. That means audio stream copy (-c:a copy) is not an option.

-c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2

Common choices:

Option	Meaning
`-c:a libmp3lame`	Re-encode as MP3
`-q:a 2`	VBR quality setting; lower numbers mean higher quality
`-b:a 192k`	Use when you want an explicit bitrate for CBR or ABR-style output

For a practical balance of quality and file size, -q:a 2 or -q:a 3 is a good place to start.

Basic Settings That Help Preserve Tags and Artwork

MP3 files can contain more than audio: they may also include metadata (ID3 tags) and embedded cover art. If you leave out the mapping options, it is easy to end up with a file that still plays but has missing artwork or tags.

-map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy

Option	Meaning
`-map 0`	Includes all streams from the input
`-map_metadata 0`	Copies metadata from the input
`-c:v copy`	Copies the image stream without re-encoding

Embedded MP3 cover art is usually handled internally as an image stream. If your output only maps audio, that stream gets dropped.

That said, some custom ID3 frames or embedded lyrics may still fail to survive depending on the input structure. If metadata preservation matters, verify the output with a dedicated tag tool such as id3v2 or eyeD3.

How to Think About Filter Chains

With -af, you can chain multiple filters in order by separating them with commas.

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -af "afftdn,agate,loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11" \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

Common filter roles:

Filter	Purpose
`loudnorm`	Loudness normalization
`afftdn`	Noise reduction
`agate`	Noise gate

Noise reduction and gating can be too aggressive on some material. In most cases, it is safer to get loudnorm working well first, then add preprocessing only if needed.

Practical Templates

Quick Start: 1-Pass

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11" \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

More Accurate: 2-Pass

Pass 1

ffmpeg -hide_banner -i input.mp3 \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11:print_format=json" \
 -f null -

Pass 2

ffmpeg -i input.mp3 \
 -map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy \
 -af "loudnorm=I=-14:TP=-1.5:LRA=11:linear=true:measured_I=...:measured_TP=...:measured_LRA=...:measured_thresh=...:offset=..." \
 -c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2 \
 output.mp3

Replace ... with the values returned from the first pass JSON.

Summary

Point	Summary
Choosing targets	Start by deciding `I`, then use `TP=-1.5` and `LRA=11` as practical defaults
`1-pass` vs `2-pass`	Use `1-pass` for speed, `2-pass` for better accuracy
Re-encoding	With filters, `-c:a libmp3lame -q:a 2` or similar encoding settings are required
Tag and artwork preservation	Use `-map 0 -map_metadata 0 -c:v copy` as the basic preservation setup
Tool design	Separate measurement (`-f null -`) and production conversion into two phases

If you want to automate this from Python or wrap it in a GUI/CLI workflow, see Python MP3 Volume Normalizer with ffmpeg: How It Works and How to Use It.

Loudnorm on Mozabre As Idle Moments

How to Use ffmpeg loudnorm: LUFS Normalization and 2-Pass Settings Explained

What This Article Covers

Table of Contents

Prerequisites

What Is LUFS?

Start Here: Basic Command (1-Pass)

Main loudnorm Parameters

`I` (Target LUFS)

`TP` (True Peak Ceiling)

`LRA` (Loudness Range)

`linear`

`measured_*`

When to Use 1-Pass vs 2-Pass

1-Pass

2-Pass

Why loudnorm Can Make an Intro Sound Louder

Re-Encoding Is Required After Normalization

Basic Settings That Help Preserve Tags and Artwork

How to Think About Filter Chains

Practical Templates

Quick Start: 1-Pass

More Accurate: 2-Pass

Summary

Loudnorm on Mozabre As Idle Moments

How to Use ffmpeg loudnorm: LUFS Normalization and 2-Pass Settings Explained

What This Article Covers

Table of Contents

Prerequisites

What Is LUFS?

Start Here: Basic Command (1-Pass)

Main loudnorm Parameters

I (Target LUFS)

TP (True Peak Ceiling)

LRA (Loudness Range)

linear

measured_*

When to Use 1-Pass vs 2-Pass

1-Pass

2-Pass

Why loudnorm Can Make an Intro Sound Louder

Re-Encoding Is Required After Normalization

Basic Settings That Help Preserve Tags and Artwork

How to Think About Filter Chains

Practical Templates

Quick Start: 1-Pass

More Accurate: 2-Pass

Summary

Related Posts

`I` (Target LUFS)

`TP` (True Peak Ceiling)

`LRA` (Loudness Range)

`linear`

`measured_*`